Joseph t klapper biography of donald
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Selective exposure theory
Theory within the practice of psychology
Selective exposure is a theory within the practice of psychology, often used in media and communication research, that historically refers to individuals' tendency to favor information which reinforces their pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information. Selective exposure has also been known and defined as "congeniality bias" or "confirmation bias" in various texts throughout the years.[1]
According to the historical use of the term, people tend to select specific aspects of exposed information which they incorporate into their mindset. These selections are made based on their perspectives, beliefs, attitudes, and decisions.[2] People can mentally dissect the information they are exposed to and select favorable evidence, while ignoring the unfavorable. The foundation of this theory is rooted in the cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger 1957),[3] which asserts that
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Background Articles and Videos
Survey of Broadcasting: Assignment 2: Question 6. Describe and define one theory about media impact.
Posted on June 30, 2011. Filed under: Broadcasting, Communications, Communications Theory, Mass Communications, Mass Media, Media Effects, Public Relations | Tags: Hypodermic Needle Theory, Joseph Klapper, Limited-Effects Theory, Media Effects, Propaganda, Specific-Effects Theory, The Effects of Mass Communications, Theories of Communications |
Three theories concerning the effects or impact of mass media have evolved over time:
- Hypodermic Needle Theory: an early theory that posits that mass communications messages would have a strong and predictable effect on an audience member. The theory held that all people would more or less have the same reaction to a mass communication message.
- Limited-Effects Theory: a latter theory that posits that media have few direct and meaningful effects on the audience because of a variety of intervening
- Avoidance of
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Selective Exposure Theory
The Basic Idea
In the age of social media, it’s easy to create a personalized stream of content depending on which accounts or hashtags you follow. On Twitter, you can even block specific words from showing up on your feed. This can be beneficial for people who are sensitive to particular topics and insulate them from further harm. But it can also be detrimental: some users might abuse this feature by hiding anything that doesn’t align with their beliefs. For example, someone who supports consuming meat and djur products might go to the extreme of hiding words like “vegan” or “vegetarian.” There isn’t any benefit in hiding from these words, and it prevents them from coming across opinions that differ from their own.
In choosing to focus on kunskap supporting their beliefs, our carnivore fryst vatten exhibiting selective exposure. Here are three fundamental principles of selective exposure, using our carnivorous friend as an example: